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anneliese's picture

significant symptoms, signifying bodies

"Perhaps diminished activity and a more general inclination to hide is part of what might, in some circumstances, be an adaptive response to being abandoned and unprotected in a world of unknown threats?"

 

...in other words, the symptoms of depression make sense, signify, embody an individual's lived narrative or story-in-the-making. The body communicates the internal experience, signals to the self and to others that something is amiss.Hence, symptoms can be thought of as useful, something to attend (i.e., pay attention) to rather than to treat. Messengers from the unconscious? "Screaming" to be heard? Or perhaps messengers from the collective unconscious, insofar as one's experience is embedded in and shaped by one's sociopolitical context?

 

I bring this up because I enjoy the idea of accepting and inquiring into rather than fighting against symptoms. It also nicely challenges the notion that depression is a 'mental illness.' Was prompted to dig up an article I read back in college by Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Margaret Lock, critical medical anthropologists both, who in 1987 published an article entitled "The Mindful Body: A Prolegomenon to Future Work in Medical Anthropology" [Medical Anthropology Quarterly, New Series, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Mar., 1987), pp. 6-41]. I remember being struck me at the time I first read it, and I find it continues to make my brain glow. They propose a model of "three bodies," "three perspectives from which the body may be viewed: (I) as a phenomenally experienced individual body-self; (2) as a social body, a natural symbol for thinking about relationships among nature, society, and culture; and (3) as a body politic, an artifact of social and political control" (6). They further suggest that emotion may be the common link between these bodies, "[i]nsofar as emotions entail both feelings and cognitive orientations, public morality,and cultural ideology" (28). To better explain, let me offer a few direct quotes rather than attempt to paraphrase:
 

"We would tend to join with Geertz (1980) in questioning whether any expression of human emotion and feeling-whether public or private, individual or collective, whether repressed or explosively expressed-is ever free of cultural shaping and cultural meaning. The most extreme statement of Geertz's position...would be that without culture we would simply not know how to feel." (28)
 
They go on to argue that "Sickness is not just an isolated event, nor an unfortunate brush with nature. It is a form of communication-the language of the organs-through which nature, society, and culture speak simultaneously. The individual body should be seen as the most immediate, the proximate terrain where social truths and social contradictions are played out, as well as a locus of personal and social resistance, creativity, and struggle." (31)


By drawing on what is known about non-Western medical systems, the article casts a critical eye on Western biomedicine, including psychiatry, and offers alternative ways of making sense of body, mind, and (mental) health. I offer here a few choice morsels that seem particularly germane to our discussions, and I would be happy to forward a pdf of the article to anyone who's interested.

"Geertz has argued that the Western conception of the person 'as a bounded, unique . . . integrated motivational and
cognitive universe, a dynamic centerof awareness,emotion, judgement, and action . . . is a rather peculiar idea within the context of the world's cultures' (1984:126)."
(p. 14)
 
"...many ethnomedical systems do not logically distinguish body, mind, and self, and therefore illness cannot be situated in mind or body alone. Social relations are also understood as a key contributor to individual health and illness. In short, the body is seen as a unitary, integrated aspect of self and social relations. It is dependent on, and vulnerable to, the feelings, wishes, and actions of others, including spirits and dead ancestors. The body is not understood as a vast and complex machine, but rather as a microcosm of the universe." (p. 21)
 
"The proliferation of disease categories and labels in medicine and psychiatry, resulting in ever more restricted definitions of the normal,has created a sick and deviant majority, .....Negative and hostile feelings can be shaped and transformed by doctors and psychiatrists into symptomsof new diseases such as PMS...or AttentionDeficit Disorder...In this way such negative social sentiments as female rage and schoolchildren's boredom or school phobias (Lock 1986b) can be recast as individual pathologies and 'symptoms' rather than as socially significant 'signs.' This funnelling of diffuse but real complaints into the idiom of sickness has led to the problemof 'medicalization' and to the overproduction illness in contemporary advanced industrial societies... The medical gaze is, then, a controlling gaze, through which active (although furtive) forms of protest are transformed into passive acts of "breakdown." (26-27)
 

 

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