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I think I have a better understanding of the distinction between weak versus strong emergence discussed in From Complexity to Emergence and Beyond  because of our discussions on randomness. I understood  weak emergence to refer to deterministic emergence  and strong emergence to refer to non-deterministic emergence .   I think that “strong emergence” as defined in the article makes sense because all phenomena can not be reduced down to “properties and rules” since emergent processes produce phenomena where the whole is not necessarity the sum of the parts and in addition to the parts interating/influencing each other and the whole, the whole may also influence the parts which results in a complex net of interactions.  But I do think that some systems display underlying properties and rules and  I am not sure I understand the inquirer problem brought up.  Are “properties and rules” just constructions of our brains? I think that while we recognize properties in systems, wouldn’t that organization be present even if we didn’t give significance to it?