Making Sense of Information II

Beyond Reversibility and Computability and Consistency and Skepticism: Information?

Paul Grobstein
Center for Science Information Working Group
15 July 2004

THREE WEEK'S WORK:
DISCOVERING THE LIMITS OF THE BOX

Physics/physicists are not in fact committed to time irreversibility - 22 June

They have and may continue to find it a useful tool in many situations but acknowledge problems with it in thermodynamics and possibly in quantum mechanics as well.

Hence, investigators of other phenomena ought not to presume that time reversibility is necessarily applicable in, or should be taken as a model for, their own inquiries.

There are important non-computable numbers - 1,8 July "Non-computable" = not "Turing-computable", ie not derivable using formal axiomatic systems as a basis assumption for exploration

"Important" in the sense that such numbers are a consequence of any formal axiomatic system adequate to support arithmetic. Perhaps also important in that such numbers can be generated in other ways and so may play a role in "reality".

Arithmetic is not "complete". Hence, investigators of other phenomena ought not to presume that either arithmetic (and, by inference, formal mathematics generally) or "Turing-computability" is necessarily applicable in, or should be taken as a model for, their own inquiries.

Formal axiomatic systems sufficiently rich to support arithmetic (and anything more sophisticated) cannot be both consistent and complete - 1 July If they are consistent, they will always be capable of producing outputs that follow from the starting conditions but cannot be inferred from the starting conditions using any given set of inference rules.

Hence, investigators of other phenomena ought not to presume that formal axiomatic systems are necessarily applicable, or should be taken as a model for, their own inquiries.

"Reality" may or may not be the playing out of a formal axiomatic system but, regardless, trying to understand it in terms of formal axiomatic systems will inevitably fail in the long run.

If "reality" were a formal axiomatic system, no set of inference rules would suffice to account for all observations even if the starting conditions were known. (Additional conjecture: no finite set of observations of the outputs of a formal axiomatic system can yield its starting conditions, and there is no assurance whatsoever of "convergence" to the starting conditions)

If "reality" is not a formal axiomatic system, then the conclusion follows directly.

Ergo ..... it is time to stop trying to "ground" inquiry/exploration on some foundation of "certainty", ie on any principle or set of principles which are not themselves subject to inquiry and change

Known tools that work are fine when and where they work but it should not be presumed they are the only tools that one will ever need.

The best known tools derive from one or another form of the presumption that there is a solid starting point or set of starting points from which everything else derives/can be understood.

The best known tools clearly generate things they are unable to handle, at least in some cases because of self-referencing.

"Maybe its time to seriously entertain the possibility that looking for a single solid starting point just isn't the right way to go, that one has to find another, different way to proceed." ... Letter to René

Computability beyond Turing-computability?

Logics/mathematics beyond formal axiomatic systems?

POSSIBLE WAYS OUT OF THE BOX:
IRREVERSIBILITY, INCONSISTENCY, INDETERMINACY, SELF-REFERENTIALITY (RECURSION) AND THE BRAIN

One Trick: Look at your starting points and see what you can change ...

"A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin ..."
(Ralph Waldo Emerson, Self-Reliance, 1841) Could one relax the demand for consistency? Is it useful? Would it yield greater completeness?
"To be, or not to be: that is the question"
Shakespeare, Hamlet
Another Trick: Take a fresh look at what evolution has created as an effective inquirer into/explorer of "reality" ....

Irreversibility already established (eg lateral inhibition network) (reservation: local vs global irreversibility)

Inconsistency already established, is in fact a "neural uncertainty principle", comparable to the uncertainty inherent in quantum mechanics? and with same implications re reversibility? advantages re "computing"?

Indeterminacy .... likely (VERY likely)

Improved "completeness"?
Roger Penrose, The Emperor's New Mind, 1990
Four color problem
"provable"? no ... "likely"? yep (product of Chaitin's "experimental math")

Self-referentiality, recursion (more on the brain trick)

Human brain is both iterative and recursive/self-referential (others?)
Iteration (Wolfram) - deterministic but not compressible (Chaitin)
Iteration plus - indeterminate and not compressible
Iteration plus model model-building
Iteration plus etc. and recursion/self-referentiality?

Has both multiple "model building" and compressive/self-reflective ("story telling") capabilities

Has distinctive "agency" capabilites vis a vis outside world: to conceive/bring into existence what would not result from "model building" (iterative change) - "free will"

Has distinctive "agency" capabilities vis a vis itself: to conceive/bring into existence what would not result from "model building"

"I am, and I can think, therefore I can change who I am"

How to proceed in face of "profound skepticism"?, ie with no fixed starting point that one can treat as unquestionable ...

The universe happily iterated/evolved without formal axiomatic systems (recursion/self-referentiality?) for billions of years
Humans have the capability to do so without formal axiomatic systems ("treeness")
Humans also have the capacity to conceive/make use of AND modify formal axiomatic systems
The combination gives us unusual capabilities IF we make use of both
Whether "reality" a formal axiomatic system or not, create/use/modify formal axiomatic systems, but don't "believe" in them.
Trying it out in practice and introduction to ...

BAYESIAN STATISTICS
AN UPDATED THEORY OF INFORMATION?

Beyond Reversibility and Computability and Consistency and Skepticism: Information?

Paul GrobsteinCenter for Science Information Working Group15 July 2004

THREE WEEK'S WORK:DISCOVERING THE LIMITS OF THE BOX

POSSIBLE WAYS OUT OF THE BOX: IRREVERSIBILITY, INCONSISTENCY, INDETERMINACY, SELF-REFERENTIALITY (RECURSION) AND THE BRAIN

"To be, or not to be: that is the question"Shakespeare, Hamlet

BAYESIAN STATISTICS AN UPDATED THEORY OF INFORMATION?

Paul Grobstein
Center for Science Information Working Group
15 July 2004

THREE WEEK'S WORK:
DISCOVERING THE LIMITS OF THE BOX

POSSIBLE WAYS OUT OF THE BOX:
IRREVERSIBILITY, INCONSISTENCY, INDETERMINACY, SELF-REFERENTIALITY (RECURSION) AND THE BRAIN

"To be, or not to be: that is the question"
Shakespeare, Hamlet

BAYESIAN STATISTICS
AN UPDATED THEORY OF INFORMATION?